DESCRIBE THE INNERVATION AND MUSCULAR PHYSIOLOGY OF THE NICTITATING MEMBRANE IN CATS.Name the muscles that are responsible for the movement of the nictitating
membrane in birds and state their innervation. (

1. Answer all parts of this question:
a) Describe the innervation and muscular physiology of the nictitating
membrane in cats. (6 marks)
b) State the nature of the nictitans gland secretions in: (2 marks)
i. cats
ii. horses
iii. cattle
iv. pigs.
c) Name the muscles that are responsible for the movement of the nictitating
membrane in birds and state their innervation. (2 marks)
2. Describe choroidal blood flow in dogs. Your answer should reference the anatomy of
the choroidal vessels and mechanisms employed to control this flow. (10 marks)
3. Describe the mechanics of opening and closing the canine eyelids. Your answer
should include reference to the anatomy of the muscles involved in each phase, their
innervation, and how they work with other anatomical structures to achieve a normal
blink. (10 marks)
4. Persistent or recurrent uveitis has been postulated to be caused by an immune
response to autoantigens.
Answer both parts of this question:
a) By what mechanisms can these autoantigens arise? (6 marks)
b) List four (4) antigens or autoantigens that have been implicated in equine
recurrent uveitis. (4 marks)
Continued over page
Veterinary Ophthalmology Paper 1 Page 8 of 9
© 2016 The Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists ABN 00 50 000894 208
5. Outline the function of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the canine cornea. Include in
your answer the types, their origins, their relative frequency and their distribution in
the cornea. (10 marks)
6. With respect to the inner nuclear layer of the retina, compare and contrast the
metabolism and function of Mullers cells and amacrine cells. (10 marks)
7. Answer all parts of this question:
a) Briefly describe the presenting signs and ocular lesions caused by the
following herpes viruses: (7 marks total – 1 mark each)
i. Marek’s disease in poultry
ii. pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s disease) in pigs
iii. equine herpesvirus-1 in horses
iv. equine herpesvirus-2 in horses
v. malignant catarrhal fever in cattle
vi. infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
vii. canine herpesvirus.
b) List four (4) types of herpesviruses that can cause ocular disease in man.
(2 marks)
c) State the percentage of cats reported to become infected by feline herpesvirus.
(1 mark)

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