Identify and explain the role of each of the “keystone mutualists” within the leaf-cutter ant community.

All four questions needs to be answered1.The gardens of fungus-growing leaf-cutter ants form a complex community of coevolved species engaged in avariety of interspecific interactions that have both bottom-up and top-down trophic levels of organization. Describeand discuss the structure of the leaf cutter ant community by addressing the following points.• Identify and explain the role of each of the “keystone mutualists” within the leaf-cutter ant community.(Keystone mutualists are species that are engaged in mutual beneficial interactions that if lost would have asignificant impact on the ecosystem).• Identify all other interspecific interactions between the remaining members of this community and describetheir role (see figure above)• Identify and describe the various trophic levels found in this community.• Using Koch’s postulates, propose a series of experiments to test whether Escovopsis is indeed a pathogen of thefungal cultivar.2. Describe and provide examples of 3 interspecific interactions that occur in each the following groups: bacteria,protists and fungi and plants. Provide an example of how each group contributes an important role in any givenecosystem at the base of its food web?3. Fungi and plant symbiosis represents one of the most important interspecific partnerships to have occurred on theplanet. Describe how both have benefited one another in their transition to terrestrial environments. Also, describekey adaptations and traits that have allowed each group to successfully colonize land and those traits that allow fortheir symbiosis to occur.4. Describe the microbial ecosystem found within the digestive system of a human host. How does this system varyover space, time and in each of the segments of the digestive tract? What are the biotic and abiotic factors thatinfluence species richness and diversity? Using the mouse model discussed in class or a scientific paper on thehuman microbiome as a starting point, propose a series of experiments to test the efficacy of various probiotics onany aspect of human health (for example, probiotic use to treat obesity, diabetes, Crohn’s disease).

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