QUESTION 1

1. Which of the following represents the most stable arrangement of electrons?

   	a.	atoms with completely filled valence shells
   	b.	elements that are positioned on the far right column of the periodic table of elements
   	c.	inert gases such as helium, neon and argon
   	d.	atoms with a total of 2, 10, 18 or 36 electrons
   	e.	any or all of these answers are correct

2 points

QUESTION 2

1. Freezing and boiling are examples of

   	a.	processes that cause physical changes.
   	b.	oxidation/reduction reactions.
   	c.	polymerization.
   	d.	temperature changes that form ionic bonds.
   	e.	processes that cause chemical changes.

2 points

QUESTION 3

1. The electrons at the outer level of the atom are called

   	a.	outer field electrons.
   	b.	the atomic number.
   	c.	valence electrons.
   	d.	van de Waals electrons.
   	e.	ionic electrons.

2 points

QUESTION 4

1. Which state of matter maintains a constant volume but not a fixed shape?

   	a.	gas
   	b.	plasma
   	c.	liquid
   	d.	crystal
   	e.	solid

2 points

QUESTION 5

1. Which kind of strength describes a material’s ability to withstand twisting?

   	a.	compressive
   	b.	shear
   	c.	brute
   	d.	tensile
   	e.	flexible

2 points

QUESTION 6

1. Doping is a process that adds

   	a.	phosphorus ions to the crystalline structure of silicon.
   	b.	aluminum ions to the crystalline structure of silicon.
   	c.	any minor impurity to an element or compound.
   	d.	a positive or negative charge to the lattice of a crystal.
   	e.	all of these

2 points

QUESTION 7

1. Which of the following is true about radioactive decay?

   	a.	Once a nucleus begins to decay it is destroyed.
   	b.	A helium proton was the first particle identified as a product of radioactive decay.
   	c.	Gamma decay depends on chemical reactions.
   	d.	Alpha decay results in one less neutron and one more proton.
   	e.	After beta decay, the number of protons in a nucleus is unchanged.

2 points

QUESTION 8

1. How do two isotopes of the same element differ?

   	a.	Their nuclei have different number of protons.
   	b.	Their electrons have different orbits.
   	c.	They have different electrical charges.
   	d.	Their neutrons differ in number.
   	e.	They have a different atomic number.

2 points

QUESTION 9

1. The difference between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission is that

   	a.	Energy is released from fusion, but not from fission.
   	b.	Energy is released from fission, but not from fusion.
   	c.	Fusion splits apart a nucleus; fission combines two nuclei into one.
   	d.	Fusion combines two nuclei into one, fission splits apart a nucleus.
   	e.	Only fission is involved in hydrogen bomb explosions; both fusion and fission are required for atomic bomb explosions.

2 points

QUESTION 10

1. The energy source of stars is primarily associated with

   	a.	the reactions of atoms in the star corona.
   	b.	the reactions of nuclei in the star core.
   	c.	the reactions of atoms in the outer regions of the star.
   	d.	burning of elements until they become radioactive.
   	e.	burning of elements heavier than lead.

2 points

QUESTION 11

1. At this moment, the Sun is producing energy by burning

   	a.	plutonium.
   	b.	anthracite.
   	c.	hydrogen.
   	d.	helium.
   	e.	iron.

2 points

QUESTION 12

1. Approximately how long does it take the energy of the Sun to be transferred from the stellar core to the photosphere?

   	a.	one light-year
   	b.	many thousands of years
   	c.	24 hours
   	d.	one month
   	e.	eight minutes

2 points

QUESTION 13

1. The Big Bang theory and the theory of the steady state universe differ

   	a.	because only the Big Bang theory states that the universe is expanding.
   	b.	because only the steady state theory states that the universe is expanding.
   	c.	in that only the steady state theory lacks a specific beginning for the universe.
   	d.	in that only the steady state universe incorporates an idea about the missing dark matter.
   	e.	only in name.

2 points

QUESTION 14

1. The discovery of a cosmic microwave background

   	a.	supported the idea of a steady state universe.
   	b.	showed that the universe has a constant heat source.
   	c.	proved that matter in the universe is grouped in superclusters.
   	d.	gave support to the Big Bang theory.
   	e.	indicated that supernovas produced all known elements.

2 points

QUESTION 15

1. According to the nebular hypothesis, the solar system began as

   	a.	a rapidly rotating sun.
   	b.	a cloud of dust and gas.
   	c.	a cloud containing approximately equal amounts of all naturally occurring elements.
   	d.	two comets that collided with a tremendous impact.
   	e.	a vast area of totally empty space.

2 points

QUESTION 16

1. The Earth’s layered composition is a consequence of

   	a.	the great bombardment.
   	b.	differentiation of materials.
   	c.	isolation.
   	d.	condensation currents.
   	e.	plate tectonics.

2 points

QUESTION 17

1. Scientists study meteorites

   	a.	because they contain the material from which the solar system was made.
   	b.	to find out more about how and when the Earth was created.
   	c.	to find out more about other parts of the solar system.
   	d.	for all the above reasons.
   	e.	Scientists cannot study meteorites because they burn up when they hit the Earth’s atmosphere.

2 points

QUESTION 18

1. Which of the following was used as evidence for plate tectonics?

   	a.	topographic profiles of the ocean floors
   	b.	maps on rock magnetism
   	c.	data classifying rocks by age
   	d.	sea floor spreading
   	e.	all of these are correct

2 points

QUESTION 19

1. Which of the following describes earthquakes?

   	a.	Earthquakes are an abrupt release of energy.
   	b.	Prediction of earthquakes is an established science, which gives global citizens a chance to evacuate ahead of time.
   	c.	Earthquakes have never occurred in the middle of the USA.
   	d.	No earthquake has been measured higher than 7 on the Richter scale.
   	e.	All earthquakes happen within one kilometer of the Earth’s surface.

2 points

QUESTION 20

1. Divergent plate boundaries are associated with

   	a.	seafloor spreading.
   	b.	formation of new crust.
   	c.	volcanic action.
   	d.	shallow, low-energy earthquakes.
   	e.	all of these are correct

2 points

QUESTION 21

1. Every atom in nature attempts to reach a state of lowest
   energy.

   
   True
   
   False
   

2 points

QUESTION 22

1. When atoms bond to form molecules the chemical potential
   energy is higher than it was before the bonding.

   
   True
   
   False
   

2 points

QUESTION 23

1. Strength is the ability of a solid to resist changes in shape.

   
   True
   
   False
   

2 points

QUESTION 24

1. A semiconductor is neither a good conductor nor a good
   insulator.

   
   True
   
   False
   

2 points

QUESTION 25

1. The electric path that begins at a power plant and ends at your
   desk lamp contains only materials that are good conductors of
   electricity.

   
   True
   
   False
   

2 points

QUESTION 26

1. The energies available in the nucleus are much greater than the
   energies available among electrons.

   
   True
   
   False
   

2 points

QUESTION 27

1. Reactions that occur in the nucleus of an atom are independent
   from chemistry controlled by the electrons

   
   True
   
   False
   

2 points

QUESTION 28

1. The name of an element depends on the number of protons in
   the nucleus of the atom.

   
   True
   
   False
   

2 points

QUESTION 29

1. Some stars will burn forever

   
   True
   
   False
   

2 points

QUESTION 30

1. The absolute magnitude of a star is the brightness as seen
   from Earth, depending on the star’s distance from Earth.

   
   True
   
   False
   

2 points

QUESTION 31

1. A main sequence star in the H-R diagram is in the hydrogen
   burning stage of its existence.

   
   True
   
   False
   

2 points

QUESTION 32

1. Most galaxies are spiral galaxies.

   
   True
   
   False
   

2 points

QUESTION 33

1. The more distant a galaxy is from Earth, the slower it moves
   away from Earth.

   
   True
   
   False
   

2 points

QUESTION 34

1. Elements with more than three protons in their nucleus were
   formed in stars, not during the big bang.

   
   True
   
   False
   

2 points

QUESTION 35

1. The mantle is the one of two layers of the solid Earth with which
   human beings have had direct contact.

   
   True
   
   False
   

2 points

QUESTION 36

1. NASA scientists are collaborating with the Center for Disease
   Control on a mission to collect and bring back surface samples from Mars.

   
   True
   
   False
   

2 points

QUESTION 37

1. Mountains on the Earth are continuously being formed.

   
   True
   
   False
   

2 points

QUESTION 38

1. Energy from earthquakes is transmitted as light waves.

   
   True
   
   False
   

2 points

QUESTION 39

1. Evidence for Earth’s magnetic reversals has been found in the East
   African Rift Zone.

   
   True
   
   False
   

2 points

QUESTION 40

1. The Appalachian Mountains are among the youngest on Earth.

   
   True
   
   False
   

2 points

QUESTION 41

1. The subsurface molten rock at the base of a volcano is called

2 points

QUESTION 42

1. An oceanic wave generated by an offshore earthquake is a/an

   2 points
   

QUESTION 43

1. The hypothesis is the current scientific explanation of how the solar system formed 2 points

QUESTION 44

1. A/an is a star that rotates rapidly and emits regular bursts of electromagnetic energy.

2 points

QUESTION 45

1. The brightness of a star as it appears from earth is called its magnitude.

2 points

QUESTION 46

1. Unlike the fission bomb, the hydrogen bomb relies on nuclear

2 points

QUESTION 47

1. The ability to withstand pulling apart is referred to as strength.

2 points

QUESTION 48

1. The addition of a minor impurity to an element or compound is called

2 points

QUESTION 49

1. The second electron shell out from the nucleus of the atom holds a maximum of electrons.

2 points

QUESTION 50

1. Two or more metals can be formed to from a/an

2 points

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