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How to Write a Research Paper

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• Step-by-step instructions on how to write a research paper
• The topic
• The thesis or introductory statement
• The outline
• Selecting and analyzing sources & selecting websites
• Compiling information on index cards or in Microsoft Word
• Plagiarizing, paraphrasing, and direct quoting
• Works Cited & the proper format
• Proofreading & the cover page
• Rubric (evaluation guidelines)

The Purpose of Research Paper

• You will be taking a stand on an issue and providing support or evidence gained from your research to back up your position.
• Any type of writing where research and citations are required:
• Essays, case studies, etc.

Where Do We Begin?

confused

Don’t Get Overwhelmed!

Break it down step-by-step process

• Overview:
• Requirements (What you need for your paper) √
• Topic Questions (What you need to put into your paper) √
• Choices (The disasters you will research) √
• How to write your research paper: Follow these
• instructions step-by-step!
• 1. Your outline should be written before you start your paper. It organizes your thoughts and creates a plan so you know how your paper will look.
• 2. Your introduction or thesis statement tells the audience what you will explain in your paper. It will let the audience know what to expect from reading your paper.
• 3. You are required to use a minimum of four sources (including the text). You must have at least one book , one website, and one encyclopedia (online or book format) *No wikipedia.org; mtv.com; or youtube.com unless by permission of the Prof. Manuel

Step: 1-Clarify the Assignment

• Is the topic specified?
• Length of paper required?
• What citation format is required?
• MLA – Modern Language Association
• Used in the Humanities
• APA – American Psychological Association
• Used in the Social Sciences, Education, and Behaviorial Sciences

Step 2 – Develop a Research Question

• Provide focus for research and paper
• OWN YOUR TOPIC!
• What interests you the most about the topic?
• Make a listings of questions you would like to have answered about the topic.
• What would capture the interest of the reader?
• Pick issue that can be researched
• Make sure topic is not too broad or narrow in scope.

Step 3-Begin Doing Research

• WAU Library database
• Peer-reviewed articles vs. Google search
• Accuracy/Bias
• Authority
• Currency
• Avoid certain “sources” i.e., Wikipedia, unsubscribed sources such as blogs, statements from non-experts.

plagiarism plagiari

Paraphrase!!!

Academic Integrity

• Cite ALL of your sources
• Never represent the ideas or words of another as your own
• Plagiarism can result in student dismissal!
• Use index cards when doing research
• Direct Quote—put in quotation marks
• Summary—condenses information and puts it in your own words
• Paraphrase – roughly same length as original, but information is stated in your own words
• All of the above need to be cited – put citation information on back of card for future reference.

Citation – States w
Where You Got the Information

• Two styles used most often: APA and MLA
• Author, year of publication, title of work, page, name of journal, or publisher.
• Example: “In most vital organizations, there is a common bond of interdependence, mutual interest, interlocking contributions, and simple joy. Part of the art of leadership is to see that this common bond is maintained and strengthened, a task certainly requiring good communication.”
• The direct quotation comes from page 101 of a book entitled Leadership is an Art, by Max DePree.

Proper Way to Cite

• APA Format:
• “In most vital organizations, there is a common bond of interdependence, mutual interest, interlocking contributions, and simple joy. Part of the art of leadership is to see that this common bond is maintained and strengthened, a task certainly requiring good communication” (DePree 101).
• MLA Format:
• Paragraph as above followed by (DePree 101).

Paraphrase

• Besides quoting directly, the following is also an acceptable way to use and acknowledge the DePree material.
• As DePree (1989) noted, leadership requires good communication skills that maintain and strengthen the bonds of interdependence, mutual interest, joy, and interlocking contributions that exist in most vital organizations (p. 101).
• MLA:
• As DePree noted . . . In most vital organizations (101).

Unacceptable

• If there was no reference to the source, the following use of the DePree material would be unacceptable:
• Most organizations have common bonds, and part of being a leader is to see that common bonds are maintained and strengthened. Good communication skills are required for this task. (Paraphrased but with no citation)

Step 4- Develop a Thesis Statement

• Purpose: focuses your ideas and information within the paper and provides guidance to the reader
• TOPIC + YOUR O|POSITION ON THAT TOPIC = THESIS STATEMENT
• Adult students returning to college make up a higher percentage of entering students than they did twenty years ago because of a number of statistical, economic, and social reasons.

Step 5 – Organize Your Ideas

• Use mapping, outlining, or arranging of your research index cards to place your ideas in a logical sequence
• Sequence of ideas is determined by thesis statement

Step 6- Create a First Draft

• Three major parts to a good research paper:
• Introduction
• Opportunity to capture interest of reader
• Allows you to present thesis statement
• Body-
• Paragraphs that provide evidence supporting your thesis statement
• Conclusion-
• Allows you to provide summary of main points and should make reader think about implications of topic discussed.
• May conclude by making a prediction or offering specific advice.

Step 7 – Begin Revisions & proofreading

• Revision
• Have you said what you wanted to say in a clear and effective way?
• Have you provided enough evidence to support your thesis?
• Is information presented in most effective order?
• Does it flow?
• Do you leave any questions in the mind of the reader?

Proofreading

• Checking your paper for grammar and spelling errors
• Are you using consistent verb tense?
• Are you using variation in your use of words?
• Is there any way you can tighten your sentences?
• Did you use spell-check or a dictionary?
• Have you used proper punctuation?

Proofread, Proofread, & Proofread!!!

• Are all words spelled correctly? (Use a paper or online dictionary is unsure!)
• Did I capitalize the beginning of each sentence and all proper nouns?
• Did I punctuate correctly?
• Do I use grammar correctly?
• Did I answer all of the topic questions, and fulfill all of the requirements on my rubric.
• Did I include an introduction and conclusion?
• Did I type the paper using the correct font type, size, line spacing and margin requirements?
• Did I paraphrase all content?
• Did I use parenthetical notations for quotes?
• Do my sentences make sense when read aloud?
• Have I had my paper peer edited?
• Does my paper flow well?
• Did I include a bibliography page?

Acceptable

• Most organizations have common bonds, and part of being a leader is to see that communication bonds are maintained and strengthened. Good communication skills are required for this task. (DePree 101).
• Paraphrased with proper citation.

Step 8- Document your Sources and Create Works Cited Page

• Find a good handbook.
• MLA.org
• Provide in-text citations for your research findings

References or Works Cited Page

• References (APA) or Works Cited Page (MLA) should follow at end of the paper.
• Example of entry:
• DePree, M. (1989) Leadership is an Art. New York: Doubleday. (APA format)
• DePree, M. Leadership is an Art. New York: Doubleday, 1989. (MLA format)
• All entries listed in alphabetical order

• Works Cited
• “Battery.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 1990.
• “Best Batteries.” Consumer Reports Magazine 32 Dec. 1994: 71-72.
• Booth, Steven A. “High-Drain Alkaline AA-Batteries.” Popular Electronics 62 Jan. 1999: 58.
• Brain, Marshall. “How Batteries Work.” howstuffworks. 1 Aug. 2006
  
  .
  
• “Cells and Batteries.” The DK Science Encyclopedia. 1993.
• Dell, R. M., and D. A. J. Rand. Understanding Batteries. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2001.
• “Learning Center.” Energizer. Eveready Battery Company, Inc. 1 Aug. 2006
  
  .
  
• “Learning Centre.” Duracell. The Gillette Company. 31 July 2006
  
  .
  

Step 10 – Submit Paper!

• Make sure you have adhered to all of the formatting requirements of the paper and submit your paper. D2L dropbox
• Bring a hard copy to the class on the due date
• Always keep a copy of your paper on file and in hard copy.

Additional Tips

• Never Use Personal Pronouns in Research Papers. “I think. You will agree,” etc. If you’re citing the works of a group of researchers, don’t state “they found.” State instead, “The group concluded,” or “it was determined.” Remain totally objective—your credibility is at stake.
• Write in the present tense. Humanities requires writing in the present tense to convey the timelessness of the content, especially of literary works.

Step 9- Do Final Reading and Make Last Minute Revisions

• Always take time to do final reading.
• Read paper slowly out-lout to listen for errors.
• Ask someone else to read through paper to make sure you have expressed yourself clearly.
• No corrections are trivial – take the time to present yourself in best possible light.

Tips for writing an effective conclusion

• “So what game” — why should any body care. The think about that question.
• Return to the theme in your introduction.
• Synthesize, do not summarize—do not repeat information—pull it all together.
• Include a provocative insight or quotation from the research reading
• A solution, or a question for further study

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