A.Discuss how/why standing is an important to democracy. select the Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife and discuss the opinions ramification on standing and by extension democracy.

Summary of Lujan v. Department of Wildlife case

Facts: The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (S7(a)(2)) required federal agencies to consult with the Secretary of the interior to ensure that any authorized actions did not jeopardize endangered or threatened species or critically destroy natural habitats. A 1986 amendment to the act limited it scope to actions in the United States or on the high seas. Defenders of Wildlife and other organizations dedicated to wildlife conservation filed an action seeking a declaratory judgment that the new amendment erred by providing for a geographic limit on the original law.

Quest: Do the respondents have standing to sue? Holding: No. Even if the Court were to assume that the agency-funded projects at issue threatened listed species, there was no proof that these actions would produce “actual or imminent” injuries to respondents who might someday wish to visit the foreign countries in question. The Court disregarded the proposed theory of “ecosystem nexus” which claimed that any person who used any part of “Contiguous ecosystem” adverse affected by a funded activity had standing to sue.

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