REGARDING VOLATILE ANAESTHETIC AGENTS, DEFINE MINIMAL ALVEOLAR CONCENTRATION (MAC) AND LIST SIX (6) FACTORS THAT ARE CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT IN REDUCING MAC IN SMALL ANIMALS

a) Regarding volatile anaesthetic agents, define minimal alveolar concentration
(MAC) and list six (6) factors that are clinically significant in reducing MAC in
small animals. (6 marks)
b) Define and describe the ‘Cushings reflex’ and describe the pathophysiological
events that lead to its clinical manifestation. (11 marks)
c) Explain how intracranial pressure is normally regulated and briefly discuss the
effects of changing blood concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen on
cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure. (8 marks)
d) Discuss the anaesthetic considerations and recommendations for a two-year-old
cross-breed dog undergoing surgical placement of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt.
Include in your answer a commentary on the effects of the intravenous and
inhalational anaesthetic agents cited in your answer on cerebral blood flow and
intracranial pressure. (20 marks)
2. Answer all parts of this question:
a) Define the terms biofilm and glycocalyx, and describe the stages of biofilm
formation in the context of surgical implants. (10 marks)
b) Describe how biofilms potentiate orthopaedic implant related infection and
impede effective treatment. (10 marks)
c) Compare and contrast modes of failure between locking and non-locking bone
plate systems employed for diaphyseal fracture fixation in a non-load sharing
situation. (15 marks)
d) With reference to the literature, describe how plate length, screw selection and
screw placement influence the biomechanics of locking plate-bone constructs in
a non-load sharing situation. (10 marks)
Continued over page
Small Animal Surgery Paper 1 Page 3 of 3
© 2016 The Australian and New Zealand College of Veterinary Scientists ABN 00 50 000894 208
3. Answer all parts of this question:
a) The local effect of a full thickness cutaneous burn injury may be classified on a
zonal basis. Name and briefly describe the characteristics of each zone.
(5 marks)
b) Discuss the systemic pathophysiological effects of significant exposure to a
domestic house fire resulting in full thickness burn injury to over 25% of body
surface area. Restrict your answer to respiratory, cardiovascular, metabolic,
haematopoietic, electrolytic and body fluid effects. (22 marks)
c) Outline the initial management and treatment protocol for a patient presenting
following exposure to a house fire with significant burn injuries. Restrict your
answer to the first 48 hours following presentation. (18 marks)
4. Answer all parts of this question:
a) Define the ‘sentinel lymph node’ as applied to an oncologic patient. (3 marks)
b) Briefly discuss the concept and principles of sentinel lymph node mapping in
oncologic patients. (10 marks)
c) Discuss three (3) methods of identifying sentinel lymph nodes in veterinary
patients. (12 marks)
d) Explain why additional information might be sought to clarify the prognosis for
an incisional biopsy specimen for which a diagnosis of canine mast cell tumour
(Patnaik grade II) is returned, and discuss with reference to the literature
three (3) additional markers that may be of prognostic value. (20 marks)

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